Sexual identity and gender stereotyping Free Essays

Culture is a body of common beliefs, traditions, values and principles which are shared by members of a particular group. A culture helps to determine the behaviors, attitudes and expectations of its people. Every society or community has some traditions, beliefs and customs regarding either gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual identity and gender stereotyping or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of this expectations are based on the sexual identity of one being either male or female which emanate from their different roles in human reproduction and variations in their physical characteristics. Cultural views on sexual identity comprises of beliefs, expectations and constraints of what men or women are supposed to do or not to do. Sexual identity refers to the level or degree to which we identify ourselves as male or female depending on various social, cultural and biological aspects . Our culture has various ways of distinguishing between the two major sexual identities. As a result, the expectations and constraints imposed on a woman are different from those imposed on the males. The fact that women give birth and lactate exposes them to certain constraints in their motherly roles in the society. For instance, our culture tends to view females as receptive and the males as intrusive in their respective sexual behaviors. Though such constraints are presumed to be less pervasive in the society today due to the fact that our culture is evolving into a modern social structure away from the hunter-gatherer kind of socio-economic life it used to be, the distinction between the two sexes still remains quite pervasive in terms of behavior, roles and interests . Many sociologists have traced the origin of such differences to the different cultural norms put forward by our culture to the society. Since birth, boys and girls become accustomed to different cultural standards either consciously or unconsciously which reflect their respective roles later in life. For instance, girls tend to take up the role of mothers and caretakers in the family while boys are taught to be the heads of the family as the bread-winners and protectors. The differentiation between male and female behaviors is a matter which is deeper than the concept of contextual relativism in the culture. Apart from behaviors, roles and expectations based on sexual identity, our culture has led to the evolution of some gender stereotypes which are associated with a particular sex whether male or female . The spread of such classical stereotypes in the media particularly dominates the society today. Both print and electronic media clearly indicate the different cultural standards of men and women in the society together with their varying capabilities based on their sexual identities. Until recently, the media has depicted the female gender as a weaker sex in terms of the roles, professions and the society expectations as compared to the male gender. However, the continued calls for gender equality has led to certain media portraits which show that women are as capable as their male counterparts thus removing the long held constraints and stereotypes imposed by our culture on women which tend to undermine their professional capabilities. Houston stresses on four major gender stereotypes. She puts them across as; men are afraid of commitments, men are bound to say or do anything in order to prevent their partners from discovering that they are cheating on them, women concentrate too much on what men say or do and finally, a woman can use any available strategy to keep a man. Such gender stereotypes she adds, are the source of certain phrases like ‘just like women’, ‘men are dogs’ and so forth which tend to associate men and women with certain behaviors and not others. As a young woman, all these cultural views have shaped my behavior and my self-understanding as such in various ways. For a young person to understand his or her sexual identity, it is vital to solve the tension caused by numerous cultural values between ‘who i am’ and ‘what how the society views or expects of me’. As a woman, the culture expects me to be submissive and to behave as so especially when dealing with the male gender. Moreover, our culture expects women not to show their interest towards men as they are said to be the ‘hunters’ and women the ‘hunted ‘. Such cultural values expect women to suppress their feelings and behave in a particular manner in matters concerning their sexual orientation and identity in the society. All these cultural views have shaped my personal behavior as a woman and my view on the whole concept of sexual identity. Due to the numerous gender stereotypes, behaviors, expectations and constraints imposed on the different sexes, there arises some tension between religious and societal values. Our culture which views women as second to men has consequently put some cultural restrictions which burr women from top positions in the religious matters and other societal issues. However, some cultural values tend to be in consistency with religious value in that in both cases, women especially those who are married are expected to act in a submissive way when dealing with their husbands. It can thus be said that, the environment and the cultural background in which one is brought up largely influences his or her future relationships with the opposite sex and other people in the society. Many gender stereotypes have adverse effects on future relationships especially for the young people who wish to establish stable and strong foundations for their future family lives. For instance, the stereotype that all men promoted by our culture are polygamous or unfaithful can have detrimental the women’s ability to trust men hence the increased number of divorces in the modern society . From a theological point of view, marriage is seen as a vocation, covenant, sacrament, communion and a lasting partnership . However, this views are exposed to various interpretations especially in the cultural context of the modern society. How to cite Sexual identity and gender stereotyping, Papers

Racism Against Native Americans

In the article â€Å"Let’s Spread the ‘Fun’ Around† Ward Churchill tries to explain why it is derogatory to name sports teams after American Indian names. He uses a number of racial and cultural abuses that are used in a derogatory way to refer to people of other cultures, races, sexual orientation and religious affiliations to make the point that the use of Indian words to name sports teams is derogatory to the Indians.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racism Against Native Americans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the point that Churchill is trying to make does not come across well because while the racial epithets that he compares the Indian words with are used in a derogatory sense in common use but when sports team use these words as their nicknames, their intention is to bestow honor upon the Native Americans. Churchill’s claim that the use of Indian words to name sports teams is racist does not make sense because no word in itself is racist but the meaning and sense of discrimination attached to the word makes it racist. Words like â€Å"Indians† and â€Å"Chiefs† do not hold the same connotation in popular culture as words like â€Å"niggers† and â€Å"slants† and so a comparison between these words does not explain why native Americans should feel bad at the use of these words. Words like â€Å"niggers† and â€Å"slants† are used in a derogatory way to refer to African Americans and Asians and suggest that these people may not be equal to the Caucasians. But use of the word â€Å"Indian† to refer to American Indians is widely accepted and so far it has not be associated with anything derogatory. While it can be argued that the word â€Å"Indian† does not accurately identify the Native Americans, it is still a widely accepted and a politically correct terminology. In fact Native Americ ans themselves and even Churchill himself refers to Native Americans as Indians. Since the word in itself does not have any negative meaning attached to it, the use of the word cannot be put in the same bracket as â€Å"nigger† which is widely accepted to be racist. But most Americans do not use or think of the word â€Å"Indian† in any derogatory sense. After giving a list of well known derogatory words used to refer to racial minorities, homosexuals, and physically and mentally challenged, Churchill points out that â€Å"not a single non-Indian example†¦ can be considered socially acceptable in even the most marginal sense† (442).Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therein lies the most important argument in favor of the use of Indian words. No sports team, or for that matter any individual person, should ever use any word that is not socially acceptab le in anyway. But as long as it is socially acceptable to use words like â€Å"Indians† and â€Å"Chiefs†, there is nothing wrong with using these words to name sports franchises. If the Indian words had a derogatory connotation attached to them, no team would have used them as their nicknames because the use of a â€Å"bad† word would reflect negatively on the team. When trying to find an apt name for themselves, any team would look for words that convey power, victory and strength. No team would ever want to use a word that stands for defeat, oppression or lack of ability. So Churchill’s argument that it would be same as â€Å"Germans naming their soccer teams â€Å"Jews†, â€Å"Hebrews† and â€Å"Yids†Ã¢â‚¬  does not make any sense. To Germans, the Jews were the defeated enemies who were so undesirable that they needed to be exterminated. While it is true that during the western expansion of the US, the American soldiers fought a nd defeated the Native Americans, the American armies also respected Indian courage and were impressed by the fight they put up. The battles between the Americans and the Indians were legitimate battles in which the stronger army were victorious. But the Germans did not fight the Jews in a battle and did not respect them for their intelligence or bravery and in general hated them. The status of Jews in Nazi Germany cannot be compared to the status of Indians during the westward expansion. Hence, Churchill’s comparison does not make sense. The managers were influenced by the stories they had heard about the Native Americans bravery to protect the right over their land by fighting a war which they were bound to lose and were impressed by these stories. So by naming their sports team after Indian words, they are expressing their awe of such brave people and not demeaning them. When judging the sports teams for using American Indian words as their nicknames, it is important to lo ok at the intention and there can be absolutely no two opinions about the fact the teams had very good and positive intentions. As mentioned above, words like â€Å"nigger† and â€Å"slants† have negative connotation in American culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racism Against Native Americans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, while it is absolutely unacceptable for a white man to refer to an African American as a â€Å"nigger†, African Americans refer to each other by the word all the time and it is considered acceptable. Without going into an in-depth analysis of the use of the use of the word â€Å"nigger† among African Americans, the fact is that the acceptability of a word is directly related to the intention with which it is spoken. So when a white person uses the racial epithet, the intention is to insult the African Americans but when a black person uses the sam e word it becomes an expression of brotherhood. When we look at the intention of the sports team managers, it is clear that their intention is to praise and honor the native Americans and not insult them and so it should be perfectly acceptable for them to call themselves by Indian names. In the end, what really matters is the respect that we carry for each other in our hearts. Words and epithets just express our feelings and the words themselves can have a variety of meaning depending on the context and the emotions of the person using them. If the sports teams have a positive intention and clean hearts and in fact, use the words to show their admiration for the Native Americans bravery then the Native Americans should not have any problems with the use of the Indian words and should actually welcome it and even feel proud of the honor. Works Cited Churchill, Ward. â€Å"Let’s Spread the ‘Fun’ Around†. In From a native Son. Cambridge MA: South End Press. 1996. Print. Grade I Deserve During the course of this class, I put in a lot of hard work, followed all the guidelines and was very prompt with my drafts and final essays. I always carefully listened to the professor’s criticism and continuously tried to improve myself. Under the circumstance, I rightfully believe that I deserve an A grade in this class. This is especially even more important since English is not my first language and I have worked hard over the years to perfect both the vocabulary and the grammar so that I may be able to write English almost as a native speaker.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While researching the various essays for this course, I went out of my way to check not only the college library but even local public libraries so that I could get good source material to support my essays. For the main essay, I could have easily used the internet for all my sources and only looked at two print and two academic sources to complete the paper. However, I felt that the essay required a thorough research and so read over half a dozen books related to my subject so that I could do justice to the essay. Finally, my work speaks for itself and I am sure you will agree with me that I have written good essays, in good English and used an extensive vocabulary. Under the circumstance, I believe, I rightfully deserve an A grade in this course. This essay on Racism Against Native Americans was written and submitted by user Tianna Lopez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Dramatic Irony

and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters. This is the result of the reader’s having a greater knowledge than the characters themselves. Flannery O’Connor presents the characters in her story by allowing the reader to know more about the characters than they do about each other in order to have a deeper understanding of what her short story is really about. In O’Connor’s â€Å"Good Country People,† the reader is aware of the dramatic irony occurring throughout the short story. Mrs. Hopewell, one of the four main characters in â€Å"Good Country People,† believes herself to be superior to everyone around her; In reality she is the same as everyone else around her. â€Å"Her silver gleamed on the two sideboards; she decided he had never been in a room as elegant as this† (421). When Manly Pointer is invited into the living room to try to sell Bibles to Mrs. Hopewell she automatically assumes that her living room is the nicest one he has ever set foot in. Mrs. Hopewell’s haughty outlook towards Manly Pointer allows the reader to acknowledge her thinking of superiority towards others. After reading only the first few paragraphs, the reader already realizes how naà ¯ve Mrs. Hopewell comes across, and they are able to look past future judgments she bestows upon herself. Along with Mrs. Hopewell’s superiority, she also believes that she is in charge of everything. When Mrs. Hopewell hires the Freemans to help her with her home and farm she finds out Mrs. Freeman is the nosiest woman after she consults a reference the Freeman’s provided. â€Å"Since she was the type who had to be into everything, then, Mrs. Hopewell had decided, she would not only let her be into everything, she would see to it that she was into everything – she would give her the responsibility of... Free Essays on Dramatic Irony Free Essays on Dramatic Irony Dramatic Irony At Its Best By definition, dramatic irony is when the words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters. This is the result of the reader’s having a greater knowledge than the characters themselves. Flannery O’Connor presents the characters in her story by allowing the reader to know more about the characters than they do about each other in order to have a deeper understanding of what her short story is really about. In O’Connor’s â€Å"Good Country People,† the reader is aware of the dramatic irony occurring throughout the short story. Mrs. Hopewell, one of the four main characters in â€Å"Good Country People,† believes herself to be superior to everyone around her; In reality she is the same as everyone else around her. â€Å"Her silver gleamed on the two sideboards; she decided he had never been in a room as elegant as this† (421). When Manly Pointer is invited into the living room to try to sell Bibles to Mrs. Hopewell she automatically assumes that her living room is the nicest one he has ever set foot in. Mrs. Hopewell’s haughty outlook towards Manly Pointer allows the reader to acknowledge her thinking of superiority towards others. After reading only the first few paragraphs, the reader already realizes how naà ¯ve Mrs. Hopewell comes across, and they are able to look past future judgments she bestows upon herself. Along with Mrs. Hopewell’s superiority, she also believes that she is in charge of everything. When Mrs. Hopewell hires the Freemans to help her with her home and farm she finds out Mrs. Freeman is the nosiest woman after she consults a reference the Freeman’s provided. â€Å"Since she was the type who had to be into everything, then, Mrs. Hopewell had decided, she would not only let her be into everything, she would see to it that she was into everything – she would give her the responsibility of...

How to End a Story 3 Tips and Tricks From Professional Editors

How to End a Story 3 Tips and Tricks From Professional Editors How to End a Story: Tips from Top Editors Whether you have the final scenes of your book worked out from the moment you put pen to paper or it comes to you somewhere along the way, there’s one thing every author needs to master to leave a lasting impression on readers: how to end a story.Writing the ending can be a source of anxiety for a lot of authors. After all, you don’t want to finish a great story with a weak ending and disappoint your readers. To help you determine how to effectively bring your novel to a close, this post will cover six popular types of story endings in literature, and provide tips from top professional editors on how to get yours just right. Six Ways to End a StoryThe ending of a story has the biggest impact on how readers will remember your book in years to come. If they are dissatisfied at the closing of the final chapter, they won’t be likely to read it again or recommend it to others. While the start of your story might convince people to read your book in the first place, how you end your story is what will determine whether or not they turn from a reader into a fan.The most effective type of ending for your book will depend on a few things, such as:genre,story structure,target audience, andwhat you want readers to take from your book.With that in mind, let’s look at a few different ways to end a story. Six different ways to end a story. What are they? 1. Resolved Ending I am hunted by humans.Instead of going into great detail, Zusak uses short chapters that feel more like sneak peeks into her life. Additionally, it serves the purpose of joining Liesel, the main character, with the narrator, Death, and allowing them to have a conversation on more equal terms.When might you use an expanded ending? If you need to tie up loose ends but were not able to do it within the actual story, then this is the ending for you. However, it should not take the place of a traditional ending or be used to compensate for a weak ending. Instead, it should give further insight into the characters and give resolution to the readers.Now that we’ve covered six popular methods for writing your story’s denouement, let’s cover a few tips to ensure that it leaves a lasting impression.3 tips on how to end a storyWriting the end of a story is a tricky but essential part of your writing process. We turned to our top professional editors for tips to help you wri te yours. We asked our editors: "how do you end a story?" Here is what they said 1. Completion goes hand-in-hand with hopeLiterary agent Estelle Laure explains that a great ending is one that gives the reader both a feeling of completion and hope: â€Å"You have to assume the character has gone through hell, so let them see something beautiful about the world that allows them to take a breath and step into the next adventure. Even your ending should leave your reader dying for more. They should close the book with a sigh, and that’s the best way I know how to get there. This is, after all, a cruel but wondrous life.†2. Make sure it’s really finishedTo create a satisfying ending, end your book with purpose.As Publishing Director of Endeavor Media, Jasmin Kirkbride’s biggest tip is to make sure you follow the rule of Chekhov’s Gun: â€Å"Every subplot and all the different strands of your main plot should reach satisfying, clear conclusions. If they are meant to be left ambiguously, ensure your reader knows this, and create somet hing out of that uncertainty.†3. Come full circleEditor Jenn Bailey says that a good ending brings the book’s internal and external story arcs to a rational conclusion: â€Å"You need to come full circle. You need to end where you began. You need to take the truth your main character believed in the beginning of the story and expose it as the lie that it is by the end. In your ending, the main character doesn’t have to get what they want, but they do have to get what they need.†As we have seen, there are many methods for how to end a story! However you decide to finish your novel, there is one thing that you should always keep in mind: take account of the story that came before and give it the ending that it needs, not the one you think readers want, and it will be satisfactory for all.What is your favorite way to end a story? Or do you have a favorite closing passage? Tell us in the comments below!

Equal employment opportunity laws affecting Essay

Equal employment opportunity laws affecting - Essay Example ights of the workers in any firm in order to ensure that there is a conducive working environment and for that, every person is entitled to equal employment (Lorna, 1968). Many people are denied the chance of getting a job due to various issues like race, gender, religion, age difference, women pregnancies, and also the national origin. As a result, the civil rights acts comes in to help workers from being discriminated. So the employers in this case are supposed to treat all the job applicants and also the working employees the same and not discriminate them with regard to their differences like, race, religion e.t.c. (Kateri, 2007). All employees are entitled to their right pay. For example in US, the fair labor standards act established a minimum wage for the worker. For instance, in July 2010, the minimum wage for all the employees as well as the job seekers was $6.55. All the employers in this case abided to this new law hence you find that all male and female employees are given the right pay due for their input. (Kateri, 2007). This is another law which applies to all people with disabilities in America. You find that many people are discriminated due to their disabilities irrespective of their many credentials in many fields. ADA ensures that any employer or any potential employer cannot discriminate any citizen from getting a job, promotion any good pay on the basis of their disabilities. So, this ensures that all job seekers and the employees have equal employment opportunities. (Kateri, 2007). This law Act ensures that in any employment opportunity, a job seeker cannot be denied a chance due to age differences. This Act tries to prohibit the potential employers from discriminating the job applicants on the basis of their age differences. Pregnancy discrimination Act also prohibits any potential employer from discriminating pregnant women from getting jobs. It ensures that everybody has the right to any job (Lorna, 1968). Equal employment opportunity

Delta air lines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Delta air lines - Case Study Example Three of the most important factors are innovation, quality and inventory reduction. Core values include: safety, high service quality and customer wants and needs. In order to improve logistics, the company is aimed to concentrate on doing business with other carriers which allow it to involve larger orders. Goals and objectives are aimed to improve its current position on the market and increase profitability. A continuum of resource sustainability is to compose resources and capabilities characterized by their durability and imitability. Financial goal is to increase sales and liquidity of business. The policy of safety adopted by airlines will be the main strategic criteria over the next years (Delta Airline News, 2006; Dove-Morse, 2004). Control of interest rates influences the extent of consumer credit and hence the size of an individual's budget, as will levels of taxation. During periods of high inflation the government should well introduce measures to control prices on flights. The main factor is that airline industry operates on the international arena and a major influence on price is the currency exchange rate which fluctuates according to the state of the economy. Increasing tariffs and quotas force carriers to find new ways to reduce transportation costs which lowing quality of their service. With profit margins collapsing, competitors are struggling to adjust. Unemployment rate is high in airline industry: approximately 7,4%. During the period of recession unemployment rate was doubled reducing buying capacity of potential market (Delta Air Lines.2006). Technological forces generate problem-solving inventions. Airline target is on average as dependent on reliable information technology as any other businesses. Improvements in cargo ships and handling equipment, increasing containerization, applications of IT to scheduling and controlling shipments and to customs procedures, new plains, and a host of other technological advances and innovations have reduced the costs of services and information. On the other hand, airline technology cost is one of the highest among other industries. The culture and structure of Apple develop over time and in response to a complex set of factors. Today, customer service in airlines relies on reputation and trustworthiness and this no less true in the new forms of system-service. In fields such as package delivery and money management, consumers are seeking indications that their risks will be minimised or eliminated. For these kinds of consumer acts, customer service plays an essential role in assuaging the fears of consumers by projecting an image of trustworthiness and expertise. Delta Airlines has competitors, but they do not have a great influence on the company's revenue. The presence of substitute services like trains, ships or automobiles transportation can lower service attractiveness and profitability as well as the price levels. The events of 11/09 and recent crashes of Boeing planes occurred these years reduce the attractiveness of airline industry. "The company has lost some $6.1 billion since the start of 2001 from its airline operations, according to First Call, which tracks corporate earnings"(Isidore, 2005). Many potential passengers prefer to use alternative transport even if it takes more time to get to the place of destination. In this case, the bargaining power of customers is crucial. In spite of the fact that

The Impact And Spread Of Consumer Society Marketing Essay

The Impact And Spread Of Consumer Society Marketing Essay Consuming is one of human nature that cant be changed. Why and how we consume is the control of this human behaviour. There are two kinds of thought about this behaviour. One is does consumer shapes our lifestyle and the other one is the other way around. Consuming has a close relationship with lifestyle. The way people consume reflects their lifestyle. Does this lifestyle is a pure desire or is it encourage by other aspect like design? Through visual and mental, tangible and intangible, design gives an impact to both the environment and the consumer. These experience makes people addicted to something they consume. Does consumerism is something bad or good? There are some good and bad points to be looked. Through the design, consumerism is being passed unconsciously. Design has a role and an impact on consumerism. That is why the existence of design is important to shape or to be shaped. Table of Contents Abstractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..i Table of Contentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ii List of Referenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..iii Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..1 Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦2 Consumerism in Societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦2 Consumerism in Bar and Restaurantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦4 Design in Consumerismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.4 Conclusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦6 List of referencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦7 Bibliographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦7 1. Introduction Today commercial space becomes a territory of consumerism. Brands as a generator become a magnet for the consumer. Consumerism is derived from the words consume. In the end of this word there is a suffix -ism that is known as a belief, system or philosophy. How far consumerism plays a role in human life? Trading and exchanging are own nature. Why do we need to trade or exchange? The reason is to get what we get so that we are able to consume it. As the time goes by, consuming and technology have been developed. People could be easily fulfilling their need. And then what after that? Do we as human beings are just satisfied? Human will never be satisfied. It is their desire to keep wanting more and more. Imbalance between needs and desire causes consumerism. Does consumerism as a way of life creates our lifestyle or we want to creates our own lifestyle? 2. Analysis Thinking about consumerism must not forget about consumption. Both consumerism and consumption has a closed relationship between each other. Consumerism happens because of consumption. It is not a mistake that we consume almost all the things in our life such as goods and experience. Furthermore, human has been exercising to consume since civilization had not been developed yet. Exchange becomes humans nature. As the time goes by, human keep developing to have a better life. If we, human, has fulfilled our primary needs, we want something more other just than that. Imbalance between needs and desires give a result as consumerism. Consumerism happened just before Industrial Revolution period but it could be seen obviously during this period. Lawson (2009, p.60) said by the 1950s, for the first time in our history, we were producing enough to allow choice for masses. It means that consumer society was born. 2.1 Consumerism in Society There is a myth: The more we have, the happier we become. This myth is suitable with the state of consumerism. People believe that the more things they have, they would be happier but in fact it is not. Our happiness now is determined by other people unhappiness and so our need is. We want something because we saw it somewhere and someone own it. The desire of owning makes us addicted to have almost all the things we saw. Moreover, the desire becomes greater if the things we want is being consume by most of the people. Due to a tremendous consumption, it makes the things become as if it is our primary needs. For example is mobile phone. Back to the time when technology had not been as high as today, mobile phone was something that is common. The price was expensive at that time but as the technology was being developed, mobile phone became mass-produced. Since that time, almost all the people own it. It becomes ubiquitous and now becomes our needs. We can not live without it. We consume not only because of the desire but also the seducer of experience as well as our own monster, which is our fear. Today, by consuming we show our identity. It is a visual sign that determines which society are you from. The sign could be seen from the things we bought and consumed. The most noticeable evident is brand. For example, Louis Vuitton. We acknowledge that it is an expensive brand whereby not all the people are able to afford it. By using the product of that brand, one tells the society where one belongs to indirectly. The monster creates a fear of other people judgments. Consumerism becomes sustainable by having this kind of mindset. The society in this situation creates a way of life where consuming is addictive so that people want to keep buying more and more. We know that consumerism needs to be control. Nevertheless, majority or the society choose to continue the way of life they live in. Singapore is one of attractive destination for travelers. Hence, they promote themselves through Singapore Tourism Board that has a big impact on tourism. They promote the entertainments and luxury shopping centers. In this condition, media is the powerful medium to send the message to all the people in the world. Hence, inside this entertaining city, consumerism could be seen easily in public. Walking in the city area like Orchard, names of the brands are located all over the place. By taking a glimpse, consumer society could be satisfied in this area. Well-known brands are able to be found easily. This is not only applied to goods such as bags and clothes but also restaurants. Popular and expensive restaurant will show their identity and pride. Consumerism in Singapore has been developed and designed by the government either consciously or unconsciously, a very popular way of life. Life for Singaporeans is not complete without shopping. This state was declared by the Prime Minister, Goh Chok Tong in National Day Rally Speech (Straits Times, 18 August 2996). Shopping is their happiness and needs. This could be seen by many new shopping centre which was built in the last few year. Therefore, the plan of building another commercial buildings are still going on. The government wants either their citizen or the visitor to spend their money in this country. The government directly dictates the citizen since they are young to consume so that consumerism assemble unconsciously. Other than Singapore Tourism Board, they seduce consumer through media like magazine. Magazine is not only a seducer but also a reflection of the lifestyle they live on. The latest information about fashion or dining place could get just by flipping a bundle of paper. 2.2 Consumerism in Bar and Restaurant Do you have a desire to go to a certain place to eat? Is it only to consume the food or to consume the experience? Definitely, human wants to try something new. Human is a creature with high curiosity. In this situation, where do we get the information that caused us to have an intention to try something? We live in the hi-technology era whereby people around the world are connected eventhough they are not in the same place. They are able to communicate and exchange information to the other. Internet is a big innovation, which was invented in our world. The consumer could get the information easily by this invention. Other than that, they could get the information from the magazine. In Singapore, there are a several magazine that will help you to tell what is the latest information of dining for example is Wine and Dine. The magazine is about stack information about well-known food and beverage. It could seduce the consumer easily through the explanation and the pictures they show. I t is one of the way how does consumerism reach consumer society. Business travelers, according to Singapore Tourism Board Data Statistics, have a demand as a target market in Singapore. The number of business travelers is keep going up even though there is a recession happens in the world. They, obviously, has an adequate income more than just to survive. For businessmen, business partner are an important aspect in the business life. The way they associate is not only in a formal way but also in an informal way like having fun. The current trend, in the last few years, bars and restaurants are increasingly spread. The demand of this aspect is growing due to the interest of consumer. Bar and restaurant offer alcoholic beverage that is popular in the society. Alcoholic beverage has a side effect of addiction. It reduces the function of brain and makes the feeling of good. Due to dysfunctional of brain, people will keep consuming, as they wanted the feeling to be there. This situation causes an addiction. Hence, addiction will end up by consumerism, subconsciously consume. 2.3. Design in Consumerism Previously, we talked about consumerism in bar and restaurant by the edible. Despite of edible, is there any other thing that makes people keep consuming? As it is mentioned before, nowadays consumer is seduced not only by the edible or things they offer but also by the experience. Experience makes it different from one to the other place. It is a unique offered. Design makes it come true. Design is like a creation of God, which was nearly to perfect, human. Eventhough it is similar from the look, the experience will not be the same in one place to the other. Ron Swidler () on Wine and Dine Magazine said that one of the big trends in hotel and restaurant design right now is creating experience. It shows that what people are looking for is not just something tangible but also intangible. Intangible things could be buy with money. Tangible things like edible could be consumed only at that time, but the impression of intangible things last forever in consumers mind. The desire of consum ing is more on emotional feeling. On the editors note area on Wine and Dine magazine, Leena Ng, the editor, states that one of the biggest experiences consumers desire is for access to the lifestyle they see reflected in the media and in their travels. In this circumstance, media has a big role to support consumerism. Pretty pictures on the magazine attract consumer society to visit and consume what they offer on the media. How to create experience is by looking at the design. The designer creates the composition between each element to create a certain ambience that would make a tremendous impression to the consumer. Is creating ambience just by decorate the space? Creating ambience is supported by the building and the elements such as light, sound and smell. It is true that visual presentation has quite a big impact for the consumer such as the concept and the theme. Nevertheless, intangible thing must not be forgot. The use of lighting usually enhances the design more. The concept of the bar and restaurant must have interconnection with the demand and the aim of the project. In this situation, urban nomad has been chosen as the suitable concept. Urban nomad is someone who is always on the go. Derived from the urban nomad; journey, connectivity and energy are the keywords as the expression or urban nomad. The concept is evident on the journey that is created. A long journey to the lobby with a teaser of how would the consumer experience in the space. Unconventional lobby is being introduced. Stairs are being used as a bridge that connect one space to the other space. Each space on this restaurant and bar are spread in the whole big space. It is the design intention that force people to move around the space and consume the journey. On the journey, consumer are being seduced by the existence of indoor garden that is relaxing and offer a new experience inside the space. Overall, the space is created in order to create impression on consumers mind so t hat they are willing to experience and consume the space again on the other time. 3. Conclusion Consumerism is not just a concept. It is now believe as a way of life where people consuming a great of amount of goods in quantities. Consuming could be separated from human. It is the nature of human being that has been developed since long time ago. Today, people consume to show their identity. The main reason of consuming is no longer exist. Consuming has become part of Singaporeans life whereby people in this country are encouraged to shop by their prime minister. Therefore, consumerism becomes a habit and culture. The government is supporting the consumerism. It is true that consuming could give back benefit to the country; on the other hand what is the impact of it? If we look at the long-term side effect, this situation will destroy their own citizen because they will not be satisfied if they are not consuming. On the other perspective, consumerism is being boosted by design. A successful design is addictive to the consumer. They will keep coming back to experience it over and over again. In this situation, consumerism could be seen as a sign as a successful design. Design has an impact on consumerism. Something that is being designed has an their own attraction to draw peoples attention. In conclusion, there is no right or wrong about consumerism. It depends where are we going to put our perspective. Generally, consumerism needs to be stopped due to an unbalance between humans mind and their desire. Nevertheless, if we look from the design perspective, there is nothing wrong with consumerism. In fact, because of design, consumerism is being boost. It is our decision to control how far the consumerism need to be control and use from other point of view so that it would not cause self-destructing for human being. It is now our decision to be shaped by the consumerism or we shaped our own lifestyle. http://usj.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/35/5-6/981 List of references Cross, Gary, [2000], All Consuming Century Why Commercialism Won In Modern America, Columbia University Press, New York. Lawson, Neal, 2009, All Consuming, Penguin Group, England. Miller, Geoffrey, 2009, Spent Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior, Penguin Group, England. Miles,Stevens, 1998, Consumerism as a Way of Life, SAGE Publication Ltd., London.